宋代科举取士的阶层分析——基于布迪厄的资本理论视角-《集美大学学报（教育科学版）》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Social Stratification of Imperial Examination in the Song Dynasty: An Analysis from the Perspective of Bourdieu’s Capital Theory

Author(s):: PAN Ling-xia; PENG Hong-bin; (School of Public Administration, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China)

Keywords:: imperial examination in the Song Dynasty; the capital theory; upward mobility; stratum gap

摘要:: 科举制度作为中国古代社会的官员选拔制度，肇基于隋而废于清末，历时一千三百多年。其中，宋代是科举制度趋于完备的时期，先后实行了锁院、别头试、誊录与封弥等详密的科考管理制度，为应举士人提供较为公平的考试氛围。此外，宋代科举取士的人数之多也是前所未有的，这些都极大地刺激了寒素士子的读书欲望。然而，徇私舞弊、宗室应举及恩荫补官等又在一定程度上阻塞着寒素士子的上升流动之路。因此，笔者拟以法国社会学家布迪厄的资本理论为视角，从经济资本、文化资本及社会资本三个方面对宋代不同阶层的学子所拥有的教育资源进行分析，以审视宋代科举考试的公平性。

Abstract:: As an official selection system in the ancient China, imperial examination system started at the Sui Dynasty and ended in the late Qing Dynasty, lasting for more than 1,300 years. The Song Dynasty was the period when the imperial examination system tended to be complete, and some management systems of the imperial examination were successively implemented, such as locking the court system, avoidance system, transcripts system and seal system, which provided a fair examination atmosphere for the candidates. In addition, the number of candidates admitted in the Song Dynasty was also unprecedented, which greatly stimulated the impoverished candidates to study. However, irregularities for favoritism, imperial clan system and Yin Bu official system to a certain extent blocked the way to upward mobility for the impoverished candidates. Therefore, this paper tries to choose the capital theory of the French sociologist Bourdieu as the perspective to analyze the educational resources owned by candidates from different classes in the Song Dynasty through the economic capital, cultural capital and social capital, in order to examine the fairness of the imperial examination in the Song Dynasty.