“难道”“难不成”与“难道……不成”-《集美大学学报》（哲社版）

文章信息/Info

Author(s):: XIE Yi; ZENG Chuan-lu; (College of Chinese Language and Literature, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China)

摘要:: “难道”“难不成”与“难道……不成”都能表达反诘和测度情态，不能表达询问情态。三者只能后接是非问（含疑问代词虚指的是非问），不能接特指问、正反问和选择问。从使用频率上看，“难道”的使用频率最高，而在表达反诘和测度情态的频率上，三者表反诘的频率都高于表测度，以“难道……不成”最为明显。反诘和测度情态的表达与句法主语密切相关，当句法主语为第一第二人称时多表反诘，为第三人称时多表测度。“底层情态”是三者表达反诘和测度情态的原因，除表反诘和测度外，三者还可以表达一种“惊讶或不可思议”的情态，这是在反诘和测度基础上升发的一种新情态，即“升发情态”，情态层次经底层、中层到高层而呈现一种菱形结构。

Abstract:: “Nandao”, “Nanbucheng” and “Nandao……Bucheng”, these three sentence structures all can express the modality of counterquestion and speculation. However, they cannot be used to express the modality of inquiry. These structures can introduce the yes-no question only, but lack the function of connecting the specific interrogation, positivenegative interrogation or alternative interrogation. In the aspect of use frequency, “Nandao” is on the top, but these three structures are more frequently used for counterquestion than for speculation, of which “Nandao……Bucheng” is the most outstanding. Counterquestion and speculation have a close relationship with the sentence subject: if the subject of a sentence is the first or the second person, the sentence can be a counterquestion; if the subject is the third person, the sentence can be a speculation. The “underlying modality” is the reason why the three structures express the modality of counterquestion and speculation, and moreover, they can also express a kind of astonishment or surprise, which is named as “sublimed modality”. The layer of modality experiences a process from the bottom, the middle to the top, which emerges like a rhombus.